Japan's Lost Generation

Wired Magazine OP-ED about Hikikomori possibly caught in the 3-11 earthquake.

Psychiatrist Paul Ballas has written an Op-Ed piece for the Wired science section of Wired Magazine Onine.

You can read it here: Op-Ed: Psychiatric Disorder Could Complicate Japan Quake Recovery

First, I want to state that I'm a long time reader of Wired Magazine. A great deal of the material they produce is at the very least, though provoking. Though the print magazine suffers the curse of any paper publication in this instant digital age with a lot of the print magazine material feeling dated when it hits your door. Still, it is a great tech industry magazine. Kudos.

As for the article itself, I think the comments do a fair job criticizing the relevancy of resurrecting the hikikomori topic in the aftermath of the 3-11 earthquake in Japan. So I won't say much more on that aspect of the article. My only complaint here is why revive the 'one million missing' hikikomori fallacy reported back in 2001? That alone shows poor background research into the issue.

My issue is with Ballas' framing of hikikomori as a mental health issue.

I admire Paul Ballas' work and efforts to understand individuals labeled as 'hikikomori', more people should look at this issue with a serious eye. However, I've always felt that hikikomori is a social issue amongst the younger generation, one that is a by-product of globalization clashing with young people transitioning into adulthood. Since hikikomori is a word coined in Japan, focus in the media has been on it as Japan-specific phenomena. However, a cursory search of the Internet reveals similar reclusive social withdrawal behavior in Korea, China, and even the United States.

The 'hikikomori' label has always seemed to me a catch-all term for people who have dropped out of society. To be sure, there are some youth with mental health problems, but there is tendency in the sphere of western medicine to medicalize any behaviors outside the societal norm as a mental illness. Add to that the trend for health care providers to to apply prescription drugs to solve the problem, and you have a mess. From my research the more successful approach to the acute social withdrawal is to remove the person from the stagnant home environment and put them into a group situation with peers in the same state. This type of socialization and reintroduction into greater society seems like a much more productive approach than labeling kids with some mental health condition and drugging them into a stupor.

I still maintain that the majority of youth so-labeled as hikikomori are not mentally ill but socially isolated and in need of a third party intervention to bring them back into functionality in everyday society.

~M.D.

A Hikikomori film- Left Handed, "Tobira no Muko"

English director Laurence Thrush and executive producer Takao Saiki released "Tobira no Muko" (Left handed) back in 2009 and the film now is due for an official release in Japan. The film stars a former hikikomori who attended Apple Tree school in Saitama prefecture for troubled youth unwilling or unable to attend school. The film depicts the main character's descent into social withdrawal and the various factors that contribute to his state as a hikikomori.

You can read about the film in greater detail on the English website for the film: Tobira no Muko

And here is a subtitled Youtube trailer for the film:

~M.D.

Hikikomori Article in the New York Times

There was an article in the New York Times in 2006 about hikikomori. Even though the Gray Lady is now behind a pay-wall, you should still be able to view the article.

Shutting Themselves In

By MAGGIE JONES

Published: January 15, 2006

~M.D.

CBC Article on Hikikomori

Back in 2010, I was interviewed about my previous research on hikikomori. The reporter and I sat for about an hour in the Shibuya Starbucks chatting about shut-ins in Japan. I tried to give him a broad picture of the issue and how it was portrayed in the media. I even said several times what I was stating was not my opinion but what others had said or how it was generally perceived. What he finally put to print is somewhat out of context and not the gist of what I was trying to tell him, but what's in print is done.

Hanging out with Japan's 'lost generation' - CBC NEWS

Its a good article and appears to be well researched. It was my understanding at the time of the interview that the piece was to be longer and in the main publication. Its a shame he had to shorten the length, but I think he did the best he could with the space he was given.

Personally, I dislike the usage of "pressure cooker" applied to the Japanese school system. I was telling the reporter this is how other people portray Japanese education, its not my viewpoint.

If forced to use sound bite imagery, I would prefer to think of the educational track in a Japan as a highway with too few off-ramps into adult life. Once you take an exit from the college track, there is no way to get back on the road. With globalization, options for adult re-education and re-skilling has become a common strategy in other nations in the labor market. The ability to go back to school and get a college degree/re-skill as an adult and be accepted into the labor force within a new career is a viable option in many globalized labor markets. Some stigma may still hold for those trying for employment in the most elite of corporations, however.

In Japan, globalization has caused many companies to downsize and resort to a contract-for-hire work force they can jettison at any time to stay profitable. However, unlike globalized corporations in other countries, many big Japanese companies still prefer to hire fresh 20-something college graduates as their regular employees with full benefits. The remainder of their work force are 'outside hires', contract workers: freeters.

Contract workers may have gone back to school as an adult or have worked for several years learning the same skills in the industry as regular hires. However, that on-the-job work-experience by contract hires is not considered valid on a job application by Japanese corporations. So re-skilling and adult education in Japan means, even if you can get hired into a middle class labor position, most likely you will be a contract worker with no real chance to become a full time employee at the "big" corporations the rest of your working life. You are relegated to a precarious working class existence in society with little job stability.

This is why there is a growing population of aged 30+ freeters (contract workers) in the Japanese work force. Freeters and NEET are basically the same group of Japanese workers either in contract employment (and show up in data as freeter) or unemployed after a stint working (and are classified in labor data as NEET) . Collectively, this marginalized population of Freeters and NEET are rapidly becoming Japan's new working class with no viable path to a mainstream middle class career. Many of these 30-something freeters want to start families or be bread-winners, but lack the job stability to settle down into family roles with any confidence.

~M.D.

Finally! Master's Thesis is available with direct link.

Awesome news!

I'm happy to report that the UMI/Proquest Dissertation and Thesis service has finally listed my Master's so that it's publicly available via the internet:

"THE REHABILITATION OF JAPANESE YOUTH WITH ACUTE SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL AT TAKEYAMA GAKKÔ, A HIKIKOMORI SUPPORT CENTER."

This should help those folks who often arrive at Japan's Lost Generation via google.com search or bing.com search on one of my older archived posts and then email me for more information and/or available research on hikikomori.

The links to useful research can be found on the right side of the blog under "My Published Research on Hikikomori", but here's a fast and easy direct link now to my thesis.

PS: thesis writing spammers who have been flooding my comments the past week hoping to link their questionable pre-written thesis sites should give up now. I filter comments. Normal comments get through, spam doesn't. Hmm. there's a potential paper right there...

~M. Dziesinski

Hikikomori as a Media Trope

I've known about the wiki project called tvtropes.org for a some time now. I find it interesting in that it is a collaborative cataloging of not just TV but general media "tropes".

Tropes being common themes or relatively predictable ideas introduced to an audience as a type of literary "short hand" as it may be assumed by the writer or producer that the reader/viewer is already familiar with it. There's a lot of interesting interlinked media tropes found at the site ( such as the internet and "rule #34").

I suppose the most extreme example of trope exploitation are types of entertainment that trade on a series of inside jokes on current cultural events such as animated show Family Guy:

or US animated show South Park's scathing skit on all the popular Internet fads of recent years in the US:

Remixed here

But even in other formats and genre of media, "tropes" can a be a handy storytelling device for a writer or producer as it adds an interesting wrinkle to the planned story-line.

Hikikomori and TV Tropes

Since hikikomori came to public attention in 1999 and 2000 due to a number of sensational news stories, hikikomori as a concept has crept into the media and popular entertainment discourse. As a result, hikikomori are increasingly showing up in fictional storylines and even as the main protagonists.

TV Tropes does a nice job of detailing hikikomori found in popular entertainment here.

Of course, originating as a Japanese phenomena, a fair amount of hikikomori "tropism" is found in Japanese forms of popular entertainment such as anime and manga.

A prime example being the manga and anime series N・H・Kにようこそ!, (Welcome to the N.H.K.) where the main protagonist is a hikikomori or NEET who believes that Japan's public broadcasting network's acronym, NHK (Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai or 日本放送協会 in kanji) actually stands for "Nihon Hikikomori Kyōkai", or 日本引きこもり協会 in kanji. The protagonist believes NHK is an association that is part of a vast conspiracy to purposely create hikikomori through various moe anime programs designed to keep people at home:

Hikikomori as a Western Media Trope

However, the hikikomori trope does appear to be making the jump into western media via various documentaries, shorts, indy works like Hikikomori: Tokyo Plastic, and mainstream films like the anthology Tokyo!.

I wonder how long before we see a hikikomori as a trope on an American reality TV show or formula series in shades of Syfy's Warehouse 13 character Arthur "Artie" Nielsen or Fringe's character of Dr. Walter Bishop?

~M. Dziesinski

Interesting documentary from 2004 on hikikomori

The Lost Generation - Japan

by Journeyman Pictures.

~M. Dziesinski

Scholarships and the JET Program: Thinking about cause and effect.

Yes, I was effusively gushing about my experiences in the last post, but if you think about it for a moment, it is a really rare opportunity to meet the Emperor and Empress of Japan, heads of state, and a honor to be affiliated with the Crown Prince Akihito Scholarship.

To be slightly philosophical here, scholarships grant graduate students a chance to study and fulfill their personal dreams and goals in ways that might be otherwise difficult or impossible. I know personally there was a great deal of trepidation and anxiety in the year leading up to my planned transition to do my PhD field research in Japan. Now, with scholarship funding, I can completely focus on the issues and problems surrounding my research and make sure I get the very best data and insights possible. Further, in my meetings with alumni of the scholarship, some of them career professors and administrators at the University of Hawaii, and I can see how pivotal the Crown Prince Akihito Scholarship was in their early academic careers.

This is not the first time that a funding opportunity has marked a major shift in my life path.

When I was in JET as a Japan Exchange Teacher in Imabari CIty in Ehime Prefecture from 1997-2000, I was often 'whelmed' by the hectic teaching schedule, culture shock, and craziness of fellow JET teachers (and a certain Wiccan ninja). As months wore to years, I began to see the positive impact my classroom time had with Japanese junior high school students. One thing that kept me going as a JET was my teaching.

Even today, I often think about the relationships and interactions with people in terms of a rock causing ripples in a pond and those ripples crossing, bouncing, and spreading to other shores. I find it as both a centering and grounding perspective:

What you say and do effects everyone around you, so you should think about the cause and effect of your actions (and even inaction is in its won way action). And really the thing you have the most control over in this lifetime is your own actions. Exploring cause and effect between individuals, groups, and societies is perhaps one of the main reasons I find personal satisfaction as a researcher in the social sciences.

When a instructor walks into a room full of receptive students and begins to teach, that experience and knowledge can last a lifetime.Those students in turn teach their children and may even become teachers themselves in due time. While reality does not always follow the ideal, I think life always offers potential to touch other peoples lives in a positive way and that is what keeps people connected and, well, 'human'.

~M. Dziesinski

Photos of neat otaku rooms, cluttered hikikomori rooms

In the otaku community a current fad is taking pictures of the layout of your room, often showing off very interesting shrines to particular anime or manga series. Here's a series of pictures at Otakool:

Danny Choo shows off an example (picture copyright Danny Choo of course)

In contrast, there is an interesting series of of photos of the rooms that hikikomori reside within. (also found over at www.dannychoo.com)

(These pictures are copyright the original poster Nocchi, I am posting them for a basis of comparison and discussion.)

And here is a link back to the original poster's website, Nocchi.

~M. Dziesinski

PhD Comprehensive exams done May 2009, onward to Prospectus

Some other belated news to post.

I officially passed my PhD Comprehensive exams on Friday, May 8th!

It was a truly brutal five months of study to prepare for the week-long writing marathon and two hour oral defense, but now its done.

Now that its August and several months behind me, I can say I understand why it was a required step in the path to a PhD in the Sociology Department at the University of Hawaii. The required organization, planning, and follow through was a learning process, but after five months of 3 to 5 hours of daily reading of research articles on my comprehensive topic lists, I feel like its become hard-wired into my thought processes. So it didn't really function as a gatekeeping academic hazing required to gain entrance into the hallowed halls of learning, but worked more like reprogramming in order to learn the skill set necessary to be a productive academic that will be required to teach undergrad classes, publish papers in journals, and conduct unique research over the course of my career.

Several professors have said to me that they probably will never be as productive as they were that very intense week of writing up and defending the comprehensive exam, and to a certain degree, I concur with that assessment. After all, unless you are complete glutton for self-inflicted physical and mental punishment, I couldn't see myself willingly writing up another 80+ pages of cited, theoretically heavy material in the span of seventy hours over a seven day marathon. I think getting that mentally fried is enough for this lifetime thank you very much.

~M. Dziesinski

Sayonara Zetsubo Sensei, Aversion, and Hikikomori at Anime Edit Part 2

Now that you have the background from part 1 of this discussion, let's continue with my analysis of hikikomori after a couple years of reflection on my field work in Tokyo.

In my usual overly verbose style I had this to say in the comments section of  March of 2009 Moritheil posted a blog article titled "Aversion and Hikikomori"  over on Anime Edit Blog:

"Having done ten months of research at a Tokyo rehab center for hikikomori I can tell you that there is nothing “cool” about youth who are actual hikky.

First the media scare on “Dangerous hikikomori youth” back in 1999 and 2000 and the recent the pop culture depictions have really distorted and glorified the whole hikikomori phenomenon.

The reasons or trigger that caused a youth to become hikikomori vary. They can be like ghosts, staying up all night and sleeping by day or they can seem completely normal except they won’t look at a person face-to-face. It can be heartbreaking to be around hikikomori who are recovering as you can sense their frustration and desire to be normal but they are locked into patterns of behavior that avoid contact.

The thing is, the label “hikikomori” was originally about the behavior of acute social withdrawal by Japanese youth, not the causes of it. The reason why a lot of Japanese may say hikikomori are unique to Japan is because of the different way such behavior is viewed in Japan by everyday people. In western societies there is a tendency to label a troubled person by a clinical condition such as depression, aspergers, agoraphobia, schizophrenia and so on. If a doctor diagnoses such a condition the parent will seek care at a hospital and or a drug regimen. In contrast, a youth in Japan suffering from any of those conditions or even bullying or stress from school who avoids social interaction will be viewed as a hikikomori.

Also hikikomori is not a black and white “condition”, perfectly fine people, even adults, may lose a job or have hard times and slip into being a NEET and then into a hikikomori.

As I do research on the topic, I’ve been contacted by people from all over the world expressing concern over hikikomori in their own country, including South Korea, Italy and most recently Poland. Because the word “hikikomori” is now so high profile I think people self-identify with being hikikomori rather than seek help and see if perhaps they might have medical or psychological condition."

moritheil asked me to elaborate and, well, I did....overmuch perhaps:

"Yes, what I found at my research site is that the rehab staff in the 1980s were treating youth with similar patterns of social withdrawal, but at that time, the kids were being called “school refusals”, tôhôkyohi. The more I’ve looked into trying to pin down a definitive pattern/cause for a static label hikikomori the more its like quicksand.

Hikikomori is different things to everyday Japanese- something to be slightly afraid of; its something else to Japanese clinics- who are medicalizing youth identified as hikikomori; and it is something again to youth who may view themselves as hikikomori- stuck and cornered in society, they may feel that a social moratorium as they see in the popular media depiction of what it is to be “hikikomori” might be an answer to their problems. It goes without saying that the label hikikomori internationally has its own flavors and permutations.

Of course as a social scientist, I’m sure a clinical psychologist might disagree with my interpretation of the situation with hikikomori, but in my own research experience, I found that the causes for a person to “become” hikikomori can vary. Hikikomori causation is a complex issue and is really hard to say in any absolute way that 50% of all hikikomori are depressive, 30% are avoidance behaviors, etc. In fact the staff at the rehab center would argue that the reasons for each hikikomori undergoing treatment there were unique. Further as a researcher, its impossible to quantify for various reasons (ever try to conduct a survey on people who hide from sight?).

As I said, some people have genuine chronic medical issues while others might just be stressed and initially seeking escape from daily pressures and family expectations- but they can all fall under the umbrella term of hikikomori- if they avoid social contact for six months or more. And there is a reason why the discourse on hikikomori focuses on the final behavior of social seclusion as it is easier to observe and identify than what spurred someone to become hikikomori in the first place.

You ask what might “drive one to become hikikomori”. Assuming the individual is rational as you say, I have seen several common ones (for people w/o preexisting health disorders). Let me go back to the 1980s to make my next point. When school refusals were identified within health circles, there were a steady number of cases to be sure, but when it hit the mass media (TV, newspapers, etc) there was a large spike in “school refusals”. The same thing happened after 1999, 2000 for hikikomori as the media raised public awareness via several sensational stories like the Osaka bus hijacking. Back then however, hikikomori were frightening and seen as mentally ill by the public (read/watch the BBC’s “Missing Million” to see what I mean). Thus reflecting the “public aversion to hikikomori aversion” you mention at the end of your article. (You may want to look into Japanese attitudes on mental and physical disability to see more about why this occurs in Japan)

Now, with hikikomori in pop culture and woven into stories as both protagonist and peripheral characters, being hikikomori might seem like a viable option for some people who can’t handle the daily strain of life. Becoming hikikomori can seem a viable choice for some people- the media has made them aware that this option, being hikikomori, is out there and exists, other people suffer from this condition…maybe I do too. Some people make the label “hikikomori” their own and choose to be hikky. Now, this is only one part of the hikikomori “population” and perhaps only a small portion, but I think it is important to consider as they may be the most vocal part of the hikikomori population, the rest avoiding social contact.

Here’s the catch: once many people decide to socially withdraw, become hikikomori, for whatever reason, be it serious emotional trauma or whimsy, certain patterns of behavior begin to settle into their lives. For one, they socially stagnate and may become night owls. Second, their lack of face-to-face interaction may mean they start to over-think the rare times they are confronted with another person. They may be fine in isolation for weeks or months but eventually something happens and they become trapped in hikikomori patterns and not sure how to break those behaviors.

Think about sensory deprivation chambers or the concerns space agencies have about the extreme isolation of a physically and mentally healthy astronaut in a small capsule that takes months to get to Mars. Humans are social creatures. The separation from groups of people and regular daily interaction will have its effects on any person’s psyche- no matter what the original reason a person may have undergone isolation. For individuals with pre-existing health conditions, like depression. Well, it would seem it just further complicates their situation in social isolation as a hikikomori."

~M. Dziesinski

Sayonara Zetsubo Sensei, Aversion, and Hikikomori at Anime Edit Part 1

Sayonara Zetsubou Sensei

Image Sources: animecharactersdatabase.com

Whilst tweaking my Typepad account's new settings I noticed some hits to my site from Anime Edit Blog. I'm familiar with the blog from several years ago when I was more active blogging.

Back in March of 2009 Moritheil posted a blog entry titled "Aversion and Hikikomori" about how the humorous and often twisted anime series Sayonara Zetsubo Sensei , often abbreviated to SZS in internet discussions, portrays the hikikomori condition as a a type of extreme aversion via one of its characters,

Komori Kiri , 小森 霧, whose actual name itself is wordplay, 籠もりきり, on hikikomori, 引き籠もり. Most, if not all of SZS characters, have names that are Japanese word play on some eccentricity or neuroses and said characters are living embodiments of those quirks throughout each episode.

SZS often deals with serious or gloomy topics, which might be expected with the main character is named Mr. Despair, but it does add a touch of humor and parody to ordinarily heavy subject matter. Such as Mr. Despair's famous refrain: Zetsubou Shita!!!, "I am in despair!":

!

In any event, coming across moritheil's post crystalized some thoughts about the interaction between the mass media and the hikikomori phenomenon that I have been seeing develop over the last nine years. In 1999 and 2000 the initial coverage on hikikomori entailed shocking crimes or behaviors attributed to hikikomori. The net effect of this media coverage was a moral panic in the Japanese populace about hikikomori.

Over the years, as hikikomori have become used as characters in popular entertainment the meaning and context of what it is to be a hikikomori has been distorted and morphed through the lens of mass media in order to suit the purposes of popular culture consumption. In some depictions in popular entertainment the hikikomori image has been softened to invoke sympathy and in others, such as Sayonara Zetsubou Sensei, played up to humorous effect.

In effect, while the hikikomori condition still exists as a serious problem for a notable number of Japanese people in 2009, nine years after it came to awareness in the public eye, it has also been effectively co-opted by the mass media into a "safe" consumable commodity. Its interesting that the reaction towards hikikomori in Japanese society loosely follows the arc of youth subcultures such as Mods and Punks detailed in the works of Tony Jefferson and Stuart Hall et. al, Resistance through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-war Britain (1991).

~M. Dziesinski

A very good Research Article on Hikikomori

For those who have asked about further research materials on hikikomori.

First off, I would refer you to the bibliography of my last paper titled "From Failed Sons to Working Men: Rehabilitating Hikikomori". I have always found looking at the Bib of a good paper great groundwork for further inquiry. If you would like to use the sources cited from my last published paper you can download a PDF here .

Also, here is an outstanding research articles on hikikomori.

This is an excellent piece by Andy Furlong from the University of Glasgow that manages to tie together hikikomori, freeters and the current labor market issues in Japan.

Sociological Review, Volume 56 Issue 2, Pages 309 - 325, Published Online: 18 Apr 2008

Title "The Japanese hikikomori phenomenon: acute social withdrawal among young people"

Abstract:

Although rare in the west, in Japan and in some other advanced countries on the Asian-Pacific rim, there is a popular perception that there has been a significant increase in the numbers of young people who withdraw socially for protracted periods of time (referred to by the Japanese term 'hikikomori'). This paper describes the hikikomori phenomenon in Japan, considers evidence relating to its prevalence and examines views about the causes. I argue that the tendency to think of hikikomori as a homogeneous group characterised by psychological malaise is misleading and that withdrawal and disengagement can also be linked to changing opportunity structures. The collapse of the primary labour market for young people and the growing prevalence of a precarious secondary sector has led to a situation in which traditional and deep-rooted norms are undermined and young people forced to find new ways of navigating transitions within a highly pressured and rigid system. Under these circumstances, acute withdrawal often represents an anomic response to a situation where tradition no longer provides adequate clues to appropriate behaviour rather than as a malaise reducible to individual psychologies.

There are no direct PDF downloads I am aware of but it is available online via Wiley Inter-science for purchase. For those readers affiliated with a university or research institution you should be able to access a copy of the Journal Sociological Review for free via your library system.

Furlong is a good researcher and reaches a great many conclusions I did is, I admit much more sophisticated in his analysis. Also he had the advantage of research funding and many years of experience over me. I highly recommend his book:

Furlong, A. & Cartmel, F. 2006, Young People and Social Change: New Perspectives, 2nd edn, Open University Press, Buckingham, UK.

FYI, I will be posting citations on the blog in the American Sociological Association (ASA) citation style using my Sente 5 Database (would the good folks at Third Street Software please, please publish an official ASA Bibliography Format? All I can find is a user created one in the forums).

~M. Dziesinski

Asian Studies Master's Thesis on Hikikomori

Okay,

After several years of pain and suffering I finally finished my Master's Thesis on my hikikomori research done from 2003-2004. And for all those hours of work I got a nifty cap December 2008:

...And a second Master's Degree. Though I don't think you can put two "MA"s after your name in correspondence except for humorous effect:

Michael Dziesinski MA MA

Back on topic.

Yeah, I know, publishing four years later is a bit pitiful- but you try doing two graduate programs at the same time see how much that slows you down.

Here's the Abstract:

Hikikomori, coined by Tokyo Psychologist Saito Tamaki, describes a trend of Japanese youth, primarily male, who shut out contact with society by hiding within their parents’ homes for months or years at a time. In the process, these hermits become truants and school refusals, failing out of school and work through their long periods of seclusion. Further, reentry into society as middle-class adults is difficult for those with a history of acute social withdrawal. This study examines Takeyama, a private rehabilitation institution for hikikomori in Tokyo, Japan. Over the three years of Takeyama’s rehabilitation program, hikikomori youth are exposed to daily social rehabilitation structured around an idealized norm of conduct through group participation, routinization, and repetition. The process of hikikomori rehabilitation at Takeyama also takes on the dimensions of gender and class socialization: the normalization of hikikomori youth with middle class backgrounds into a viable adult gendered working class identity.

My Master's thesis on the subject is available via Proquest:

"THE REHABILITATION OF JAPANESE YOUTH WITH ACUTE SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL AT TAKEYAMA GAKKÔ, A HIKIKOMORI SUPPORT CENTER."

It takes a few months to go up in their system (was posted in November) but I believe you will soon be able buy my thesis in PDF form online.

My information on this is a bit scanty at present as I'm waiting for a contact by Proquest on accessibility of my thesis. I will provide updates here as they become available. These things appear to take several months due to backlog.

~M. Dziesinski

Major Update on my Hikikomori Research

All Academic, a service for papers presented at conferences, has a nice page that provides an abstract and downloadable PDF of the paper I presented at the 2008 American Sociological Association Annual Meeting(ASA) in Boston last summer.

Titled "From Failed Sons to Working Men: Rehabilitating Hikikomori", this paper is taken from data collected for my Asian Studies Master's thesis research from 2003-2004 at a hikikomori rehab center. Please consider this paper an update superior to my previous research provided on this blog.

Here is the abstract of my ASA Boston paper:

The label of hikikomori, coined by Tokyo Psychologist Saito Tamaki, describes an increasing trend of Japanese youth, primarily male, that shut out contact with society by hiding within their parents’ homes for months or even years at a time. In the process, these youth become truants, failing out of school and work through their long absences from the outside world. Reentry into society in middle class adult roles proves a difficult barrier for recovered hikikomori due to institutional features of Japanese society. This paper examines Takeyama, a private rehabilitation institution for hikikomori located in Tokyo Japan. Over the three-year span of Takeyama’s rehabilitation program, hikikomori youth from middle-class backgrounds are exposed to daily social rehabilitation structured around an idealized norm of conduct through group participation, routinization, and repetition. My central research question for this paper examines how the process of hikikomori rehabilitation observed at Takeyama involves gender and class socialization. Namely, the normalization of male hikikomori youth with middle class backgrounds into a viable adult masculine identity entwined with a working class future.

CItation:

Dziesinski, M. , 2008-07-31 "From Failed Sons to Working Men: Rehabilitating Hikikomori" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Sheraton Boston and the Boston Marriott Copley Place, Boston, MA Online <APPLICATION/PDF>. 2008-12-16 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p242231_index.html

~M. Dziesinski

The story thus far, or what the heck happened to this blog

The story thus far:

It began with a fatal hard drive crash a couple years back and the loss of all my archived material.   

I did manage to finally get logged back in after much email correspondence. But then the Qualifying Reviews for my PhD Sociology program at the University of Hawaii Manoa demanded all my time.

That finished and my brain completely fried, I thought I could get back to blogging. But soon after that the harrowing Damocles Sword of my Master's thesis deadline for my secondary degree in Asian Studies loomed. (Never co-enroll in two graduate degree programs if you want to retain your sanity) I found it difficult to find time for much besides panicked study.

Then over the summer of 2008 a paper submission for the 2008 American Sociological Association Annual Meeting in Boston was accepted for presentation, so I spent the summer preparing for that. (More on that paper soon).

During the Fall 2008 I was also busy with a great many things. Between applying for scholarship funding for my dissertation research starting the end of 2009 in Tokyo, Japan, I also managed to finish my Master's Thesis in Asian Studies and

But it never stops does it?

Currently I am preparing for my for my Comprehensive Exam which I plan to take the end of this Spring 2009 Term. I'll be busy with that this spring but now that my work on hikikomori is published I can post about it now.

Also as I start my research in Japan in the Fall I'll be using this blog as an anchor to friends and family ti let them know what I'm up to. Expect this blog to transform into current events on youth phenomena in Japan type at that point.

~M. Dziesinski

Hikikomori Reasearch Update and Other Things

Greetings Fellow Travelers,

This poor poor blog has fallen into disuse over the past few years and for that I greatly apologize. Over that time I have received a fair number of emails expressing interest in my hikikomori topic and for updates of the blog.

I thank those people for your continuing interest. I have always known that my topic was very much a niche area, that my intermittent posts, and my verbose blog style meant I would have a very tiny readership...if at all.

I figured those with interest would stumble upon my blog and that's fine by me. However, I always meant for Japan's Lost Generation to be a sounding board for my research. As much of my research material was unpublished I thought it prudent to keep that close to the vest until such time I had some copyright protection.

This concern was borne out by people who have contacted me directly in the last few years and then have subsequently released several publications that have come out in the interim of my blog's downtime. They have obviously built on my work posted on my Lost Gen blog but make no reference to me. That kind of dampened my enthusiasm to continue posting my unpublished research on my blog.

That's fine I guess.

In part, its my fault or not being quicker in getting my hikikomori work out there I have been lapped by others on the track, had I gotten my hikikomori work into an academic journal in 2005, I would have been one of the first in the English language academia to address the hikikomori issue in social science circles. In part, it is due to others being more established in the field and finding it easy to dismiss the work of a graduate student. But when you find the core of your ideas in another person's work it can be a bit frustrating.

Again, live and learn.

Welcome to my 2009 blog, enjoy your stay.

~M. Dziesinski

Hikikomori are part of a spectrum of globalized youth Part Two

The more functional end of the spectrum

The other end of this spectrum of coping youth are freeters, NEETS and twixters who are more functional, if only marginally so.

The effects of economic globalization has shifted the daily realities for Japanese youth away from the traditional social values and ideologies of their parent's generation. Traditional normalcy is not sustainable, nor are upholding the expectations that a youth can reasonably take on their father's and mother's roles in society. In addition, national institutions like education, set up for creating productive citizens for a pre-globalized economy, have been slow to change. Institutional inertia means that youth who do not excel or have the family resources to supplement their education to be competitive post-graduation, are ill prepared for an adult working life. They end up in working class lives as flexible workers, as freeter- or worse.

I think the dilemma for these youth lies with socialized middle class expectations ingrained by society.

This conflicts with the reality of the career market for those not the top strata of a nation's social class along with specialized skill sets offered by university and the social capital affluent parents can offer. I see the problem for these youths as the confluence of a class squeeze on the societal level and an Durkheimian anomic response on an individual level. The Globalized structural changes taking place in Euope, Asia and the US since the 1980s has left an entire population of youths in the 20-30 age bracket who are unable to adapt.

Hikikomori are part of a spectrum of globalized youth Part One

The darker end of the spectrum

Over the last two years I've come to the conclusion that hikikomori are not a unique group but rather towards the less functional end of a spectrum of young people unable to cope and adapt to societal changes due to globalization. Beyond hikikomori, on the extreme end of this spectrum of youth feeling alienated and lacking purpose are those who opt out of life completely, youth who commit suicide.

From the LA Times 12/14/01, Japan's Suicide Epidemic:

Japan's economic deterioration is damaging a lot more than balance sheets and bank statements. Extreme stress and mental instability are at record highs. About 425,000 people were treated for stress-related mental disorders last year. In 1998, when the economy started tanking, suicides jumped 25% to more than 30,000 and haven't declined. Suicides directly attributed to employment, personal debt and the economy now number 8,500 annually, up fourfold from a decade ago. Because of population changes, the mortality rate per 100,000 people has eased slightly.

Mental health professionals say the actual number of stress-related illnesses may be much higher because psychological difficulties are often ignored or swept under the tatami mat in Japan, where depression is still viewed as a character flaw and treatment is inadequate.

"There's a very dark cloud hanging over Japanese society as more and more people lose their psychological signposts," said Dr. Yoshitomo Takahashi, a researcher with the Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry. "Mental illness still carries a lot of shame, so most people are referred only at the terminal stage. This makes our job very difficult."

Countries around the world have for decades lived with high unemployment and the social, economic and political costs it engenders. But in Japan, workers saw a job as an entitlement, and for years that was the case until Japan's economy faltered.

Companies began pruning payrolls, and the pain now is jolting the core of Japanese society: breadwinners in their 40s and 50s. This generation sacrificed almost everything for the company and now feels betrayed, isolated and worthless at being let go.

"Japan is suddenly waking up from a 56-year dream," said Hirotake Araya, general manager of Tokyo Shoko Research, a private data-collection company. "The end of lifetime employment is very difficult to accept, particularly for middle-aged people.

More on the topic of contemporary suicide in Japan, here and here.

My response to Delphiki's article on Hikikomori

In trying to fix the problem with Google's image servers hammering my bandwith I came across a trackback on a blog named Delphiki.

The trackback in question linked to my two part article on hikikomori not being violent.

Here is the original blog entry on the Delphiki site about hikikomori.

I chewed over what he had to say for awhile and wrote response to his article in the comments. It is so long winded that I decided it should probably also post it here as a blog entry:

First, I want to say thank you for posting an article on the hikikomori. It’s always good in my opinion to get the word out and encourage discussion and thought on this topic. Your analysis of the causes and behavior patterns of hikikomori, due in part to Japanese cultural influences, are pretty accurate based upon my own ten months of field research in Japan on this topic.

However, I have to disagree with the violence part as well as the million strong hikikomori army you read about in the various articles online. For the violence, you provided links to my site, Japan’s Lost Generation, to my articles ‘Hikikomori are not Violent’ where I argue the opposite. In my interviews of support staff at a hikikomori rehab center in Tokyo, they firmly state that hikikomori violence appears to be rare. In the cases that it does occur, the hikikomori is often ALSO afflicted with mental illness. What I found in the field is that most hikikomori are socially crippled rather than mentally ill; contrary to what the BBC was reporting in 2000 with the ‘Japan’s Missing Million’ article. I would say that 80% of the hikikomori at the rehab center where I worked were re-socialized and functional within six months to one year of admittance.

On the one million hikikomori— I found that that estimate actually came originally from Doctor Saito Tamaki, the man who coined the word ‘hikikomori’ and subsequently published a dozen books on the subject since the mid 1990s. From there, that one million figure was quoted, re-quoted, and spread through the various media treatments on hikikomori reportage as it makes great headlines.

I think it's suspect.

The Japanese Ministry of Health, in a survey done in 2000 on hikikomori, estimates the number is closer to 50,000 individuals; that is still quite a lot, but not 20% of the entire nation’s 13-18 year old Japanese male population that the one million figure would account for (see my paper on my blog for more depth on this).

Your economic look at the effect of one million people missing from the workforce is prescient and I came to the same conclusion in my literary review I wrote on hikikomori back in 2002. For IF the one million Japanese people were NOT to join the workforce in the next ten years, and considering the graying of the Japanese population…well you’re right on that time bomb.

But maybe for different reasons.

I’ve found that the hikikomori are actually the most extreme subset of a larger group called freeta (which also includes a group called ‘parasite singles’); young people who live at home well into their thirties and refuse to work in demanding career path jobs at corporations, but instead prefer low-pay positions as clerks in convenience stores and the like. So your worry about the Japanese economy may be right, but because of the growing numbers of freeta (of which the hikikomori is a very small percentage).

Sorry to be so long-winded but this is a topic very near and dear to my heart.

Again, great post!

Michael Dziesinski
http://towakudai.blogs.com/